(1967): 292-346; E. I. Eisenstadt, "Studies of Modernization and Sociological Theory," History and Theory 13 (1974): 235-41; Dean Tipps, "Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies," Comparative Studies in Society and History 9 (1967): 199-226; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (1968); Neil J. Smelser, "The Modernization of Social Relations," in Myron Weiner, ed., Modernization: The Dynamics of Growth (1966); Marion J. Levy, Jr., Modernization and the Structure of Societies (1966); Richard D. Brown, "Modernization and the Modern Personality in Early America," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (1972): 201-28; Ernest Gellner, Thought and Change (1965); Joseph R. Gusfield, "Tradition and Modernity: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change," American Journal of Sociology 72 (1967): 351-62; and Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (1962).

Susan Sontag's gloomy reflections on the circulation of everything appear in "AIDS and Its Metaphors," New York Review, 27 Oct. 1988, 89-99; see also her essay "The Imagination of Disaster," in Against Interpretation (1969). On the discovery of civic humanism, see Michael Sandel, "Democrats and Community," New Republic, 22 Feb. 1988, 20-23, and Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982); an anonymous editorial on Margaret Thatcher, "Society Lady," in Economist, 8 Oct. 1988, 13-14; and Benno Schmidt, "A Revival of the Republic of Virtue?" Yale (summer 1988): 6I-63.

Although the recent interest in republicanism grows, in part, out of a search for communitarian alternatives to liberalism, the republican tradition figures only peripherally, if at all, in Sandel's Liberalism or in other works commonly associated with communitarianism: Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue (1981) and Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (1988); Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (1983); and Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (1989). Attacks on communitarianism include Stephen Holmes, "The Permanent Structure of Antiliberal Thought," in Nancy L. Rosenblum, ed., Liberalism and the Moral Life (1989), 227-53; Stephen Holmes, "The Polis State" (review of MacIntyre's Whose Justice?), New Republic, 6 June 1988, 32-39; H. N. Hirsch, "The Threnody of Liberalism : Constitutional Liberty and the Renewal of Community," Political Theory 14 (1986): 423-49; and Amy Gutmann, "Communitarian Critics of Liberalism," Philosophy and Public Affairs 14 (1985): 308-22. See also the exchange between MacIntyre and Richard J. Bernstein in Soundings 67 (spring 1984): 6-41.

Of the growing number of historical studies of the republican tradition, I have considered only a small sample. In addition to the works of J. G. A. Pocock and Hanna Pitkin already cited, I have consulted Pocock's Politics, Language, and Time (1971); his Virtue, Commerce, and History (1985); his reply to critics, "A Reconsideration Impartially Considered," History of Political Thought I (1980): 541-45; and a more recent reply, "Between Gog and Magog: The Republican Thesis and the

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